The concept of "healthism" emerges.
Date: 1980
Coined by Robert Crawford in his essay, "Healthism and the Medicalization of Everyday Life," the term refers to the belief system that being "healthy" is an individual responsibility. As such, the achievement of "health" is understood as occurring through individual choices and individual changes in lifestyle rather than collective conditions for well-being, such as worker protections, clean air and water, access to social supports, etc.